Simulating final class in C++

Source

Ever wondered how can you design a class in C++ which can’t be inherited. Java and C# programming languages have this feature built-in. You can use final keyword in java, sealed in C# to make a class non-extendable.
Below is a mechanism using which we can achieve the same behavior in C++. It makes use of private constructor, virtual inheritance and friend class.
In the following code, we make the Final class non-inheritable. When a class Derived tries to inherit from it, we get compilation error.
An extra class MakeFinal (whose default constructor is private) is used for our purpose. Constructor of Final can call private constructor of MakeFinal as Final is a friend of MakeFinal .
Note that MakeFinal is also a virtual base class. The reason for this is to call the constructor of MakeFinal through the constructor of Derived, not Final (The constructor of a virtual base class is not called by the class that inherits from it, instead the constructor is called by the constructor of the concrete class).

/* A program with compilation error to demonstrate that Final class cannot    be inherited */ #include<iostream> using namespace std;   class Final;  // The class to be made final   class MakeFinal // used to make the Final class final { private:     MakeFinal() { cout << "MakFinal constructor" << endl; } friend class Final; };   class Final : virtual MakeFinal { public:     Final() { cout << "Final constructor" << endl; } };   class Derived : public Final // Compiler error { public:     Derived() { cout << "Derived constructor" << endl; } };   int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {     Derived d;     return 0; }

Output: Compiler Error

In constructor 'Derived::Derived()':
  error: 'MakeFinal::MakeFinal()' is private

In the above example, Derived‘s constructor directly invokes MakeFinal’s constructor, and the constructor of MakeFinal is private, therefore we get the compilation error.
You can create the object of Final class as it is friend class of MakeFinal and has access to its constructor. For example, the following program works fine.

/* A program without any compilation error to demonstrate that instances of    the Final class can be created */ #include<iostream> using namespace std;   class Final;   class MakeFinal { private:     MakeFinal() { cout << "MakeFinal constructor" << endl; }     friend class Final; };   class Final : virtual MakeFinal { public:     Final() { cout << "Final constructor" << endl; } };   int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {     Final f;     return 0; }

Output: Compiles and runs fine

MakeFinal constructor
Final constructor